Spis treści
Preface ................................................................................................................................... 11
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13
1. Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... 14
2. Radiography of the thoracic limb (front limb) .............................................................. 16
2.1. Basic views .................................................................................................................. 16
2.1.1. Lateromedial (LM) view of the digit – overview ............................................ 18
2.1.2. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the digit – overview ............................................ 20
2.1.3. Lateromedial (LM) view of the distal phalanx (coffin bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................... 22
2.1.4. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the distal phalanx (coffin bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................... 24
2.1.5. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (D60Pr-PaDiO) view of the distal
phalanx (coffin bone) and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............ 26
2.1.6. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (D60Pr-PaDiO) view of the distal
phalanx (coffin bone) and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............ 28
2.1.7. Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique (Pa45Pr-PaDiO) view of the distal
phalanx (coffin bone) and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............ 30
2.1.8. Lateromedial (LM) view of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) ..... 32
2.1.9. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) .... 34
2.1.10. Dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique (D45L-PaMO)
view of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) –
the proximal lateral sesamoid bone ................................................................. 36
2.1.11. Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique (D45M-PaLO)
view of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) –
the proximal medial sesamoid bone ................................................................ 38
2.1.12. Lateromedial (LM) view of the metacarpal bones .......................................... 40
2.1.13. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the metacarpal bones .......................................... 42
2.1.14. Dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique (D45L-PaMO)
view of the metacarpal bones (IV metacarpal bone) ....................................... 44
2.1.15. Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique (D45M-PaLO)
view of the metacarpal bones (II metacarpal bone) ........................................ 46
2.1.16. Lateromedial (LM) view of the carpal joints ................................................... 48
2.1.17. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the carpal joints .................................................. 50
2.1.18. Dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique (D30L-PaMO)
view of the carpal joints .................................................................................. 52
2.1.19. Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique (D30M-PaLO)
view of the carpal joints .................................................................................. 54
2.1.20. Mediolateral (ML) view of the elbow joint ..................................................... 56
2.1.21. Craniocaudal (CrCd) view of the elbow joint ................................................. 58
2.1.22. Mediolateral (ML) view of the shoulder joint ................................................ 60
2.2. Additional views .......................................................................................................... 62
2.2.1. Lateroproximal-mediodistal oblique (L45Pr-MDiO)
view of the distal phalanx (coffin bone) ......................................................... 64
2.2.2. Medioproximal-laterodistal oblique (M45Pr-LDiO)
view of the distal phalanx (coffin bone) ......................................................... 66
2.2.3. Lateromedial (LM) view of the distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint) ...... 68
2.2.4. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint) ..... 70
2.2.5. Lateromedial (LM) view of the middle phalanx (short pastern bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................... 72
2.2.6. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the middle phalanx (short pastern bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................... 74
2.2.7. Dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique (D45L-PaMO)
view of the middle phalanx (short pastern bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................... 76
2.2.8. Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique (D45M-PaLO)
view of the middle phalanx (short pastern bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................... 78
2.2.9. Lateromedial (LM) view of the proximal interphalangeal joint
(pastern joint) .................................................................................................. 80
2.2.10. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the proximal interphalangeal joint
(pastern joint) .................................................................................................. 82
2.2.11. Lateromedial (LM) view of the proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) .......... 84
2.2.12. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) ......... 86
2.2.13. Dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique (D45L-PaMO)
view of the proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) ......................................... 88
2.2.14. Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique (D45M-PaLO)
view of the proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) ......................................... 90
2.2.15. Dorsodistal-palmaroproximal oblique (D125Di-PaPrO)
view of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) –
the proximal sesamoid bones .......................................................................... 92
2.2.16. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (D30Pr-PaDiO)
view of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) –
the proximal sesamoid bones .......................................................................... 94
2.2.17. Flexed lateromedial (Flexed LM) view of the metacarpophalangeal joint
(fetlock joint) .................................................................................................. 96?
2.2.18. Flexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique (Flexed D55Pr-DDiO)
view of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) .................................... 98
2.2.19. Flexed lateromedial (Flexed LM) view of the carpal joints .......................... 100
2.2.20. Lateromedial (LM) view of the carpometacarpal joint ................................. 102
2.2.21. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the carpometacarpal joint ................................ 104
2.2.22. Flexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique (Flexed D35Pr-DDiO)
view of the carpometacarpal joint ................................................................. 106
2.2.23. Lateromedial (LM) view of the mediocarpal joint ........................................ 108
2.2.24. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the mediocarpal joint ........................................ 110
2.2.25. Flexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique (Flexed D55Pr-DDiO)
view of the mediocarpal joint ........................................................................ 112
2.2.26. Lateromedial (LM) view of the antebrachiocarpal joint ............................... 114
2.2.27. Dorsopalmar (DPa) view of the antebrachiocarpal joint ............................... 116
2.2.28. Flexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique (Flexed D85Pr-DDiO)
view of the antebrachiocarpal joint ............................................................... 118
2.2.29. Craniomedial-caudolateral oblique (Cr45M-CaLO)
view of the shoulder joint .............................................................................. 120
2.2.30. Flexed cranioproximal-craniodistal oblique (Flexed Cr90Pr-CrDiO)
view of the shoulder joint .............................................................................. 122
3. Radiography of the pelvic limb (hind limb) ................................................................. 124
3.1. Basic views ................................................................................................................ 124
3.1.1. Lateromedial (LM) view of the digit – overview .......................................... 126
3.1.2. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the digit – overview .......................................... 128
3.1.3. Lateromedial (LM) view of the distal phalanx (coffin bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................. 130
3.1.4. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the distal phalanx (coffin bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................. 132
3.1.5. Dorsoproximal-plantarodistal oblique (D60Pr-PlDiO) view of the distal
phalanx (coffin bone) and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) .......... 134
3.1.6. Dorsoproximal-plantarodistal oblique (D60Pr-PlDiO) view of the distal
phalanx (coffin bone) and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) .......... 136
3.1.7. Plantaroproximal-plantarodistal oblique (Pl45Pr-PlDiO) view of the distal
phalanx (coffin bone) and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) .......... 138
3.1.8. Lateromedial (LM) view of the metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) .... 140
3.1.9. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) .... 142
3.1.10. Dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique (D45L-PlMO)
view of the metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) –
the proximal lateral sesamoid bone ............................................................... 144
3.1.11. Dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique (D45M-PlLO)
view of the metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) –
the proximal medial sesamoid bone .............................................................. 146
3.1.12. Lateromedial (LM) view of the metatarsal bones ......................................... 148
3.1.13. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the metatarsal bones .......................................... 150
3.1.14. Dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique (D45L-PlMO)
view of the metatarsal bones (IV metatarsal bone) ....................................... 152
3.1.15. Dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique (D45M-PlLO)
view of the metatarsal bones (II metatarsal bone) ........................................ 154
3.1.16. Lateromedial (LM) view of the tarsal joints ................................................. 156
3.1.17. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the tarsal joints ................................................. 158
3.1.18. Dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique (D45L-PlMO)
view of the tarsal joints ................................................................................. 160
3.1.19. Dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique (D45M-PlLO)
view of the tarsal joints ................................................................................. 162
3.1.20. Lateromedial (LM) view of the stifle joint ................................................... 164
3.1.21. Caudocranial (CdCr) view of the stifle joint ................................................. 166
3.2. Additional views ........................................................................................................ 168
3.2.1. Lateroproximal-mediodistal oblique (L45Pr-MDiO)
view of the distal phalanx (coffin bone) ....................................................... 170
3.2.2. Medioproximal-laterodistal oblique (M45Pr-LDiO)
view of the distal phalanx (coffin bone) ....................................................... 172
3.2.3. Lateromedial (LM) view of the distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint) .... 174
3.2.4. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint) .... 176
3.2.5. Lateromedial (LM) view of the middle phalanx (short pastern bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................. 178
3.2.6. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the middle phalanx (short pastern bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................. 180
3.2.7. Dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique (D45L-PlMO)
view of the middle phalanx (short pastern bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................. 182
3.2.8. Dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique (D45M-PlLO)
view of the middle phalanx (short pastern bone)
and the distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) ............................................. 184
3.2.9. Lateromedial (LM) view of the proximal interphalangeal joint
(pastern joint) ................................................................................................ 186
3.2.10. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the proximal interphalangeal joint
(pastern joint) ................................................................................................ 188
3.2.11. Lateromedial (LM) view of the proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) ........ 190
3.2.12. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) ........ 192
3.2.13. Dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique (D45L-PlMO)
view of the proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) ....................................... 194
3.2.14. Dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique (D45M-PlLO)
view of the proximal phalanx (long pastern bone) ....................................... 196
3.2.15. Dorsodistal-plantaroproximal oblique (D125Di-PlPrO)
view of the metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) –
the proximal sesamoid bones ........................................................................ 198
3.2.16. Dorsoproximal-plantarodistal oblique (D30Pr-PlDiO)
view of the metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) –
the proximal sesamoid bones ........................................................................ 200
3.2.17. Flexed lateromedial (Flexed LM) view of the metatarsophalangeal joint
(fetlock joint) ................................................................................................ 202
3.2.18. Flexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique (Flexed D55Pr-DDiO)
view of the metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock joint) ................................... 204
3.2.19. Flexed lateromedial (Flexed LM) view of the tarsal joints ........................... 206
3.2.20. Lateromedial (LM) view of the tarsometatarsal joint .................................... 208
3.2.21. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the tarsometatarsal joint .................................... 210
3.2.22. Lateromedial (LM) view of the distal intertarsal joint .................................. 212
3.2.23. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the distal intertarsal joint .................................. 214
3.2.24. Lateromedial (LM) view of the proximal intertarsal joint ............................ 216
3.2.25. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the proximal intertarsal joint ............................. 218
3.2.26. Lateromedial (LM) view of the tarsocrural joint ........................................... 220
3.2.27. Dorsoplantar (DPl) view of the tarsocrural joint ........................................... 222
3.2.28. Flexed plantaroproximal-plantarodistal oblique (Flexed Pl90Pr-PlDiO)
view of the calcaneus .................................................................................... 224
3.2.29. Flexed cranioproximal-craniodistal oblique (Flexed Cr90Pr-CrDiO)
view of the patella ......................................................................................... 226
3.2.30. Caudolateral-craniomedial oblique (Ca30L-CrMO)
view of the stifle joint ................................................................................... 228
4. Radiography of the head ................................................................................................ 230
4.1. Laterolateral (LL) view of the incisor teeth ............................................................. 232
4.2. Laterolateral (LL) view of the maxillary cheek teeth and paranasal sinuses ........... 234
4.3. Laterolateral (LL) view of the mandibular cheek teeth ........................................... 236
4.4. Laterolateral (LL) view of the guttural pouches ...................................................... 238
4.5. Intraoral dorsorostral-ventrocaudal oblique (D45R-VCaO)
view of the maxillary incisor teeth .......................................................................... 240
4.6. Intraoral ventrocaudal-dorsorostral oblique (V45Ca-DRO)
view of the mandibular incisor teeth ....................................................................... 242
4.7. Dorsoventral (DV) view of the cheek teeth and paranasal sinuses .......................... 244
4.8. Dorsoventral (DV) view of the cheek teeth and paranasal
(with a shift of the mandible) .................................................................................. 246
4.9. Dorsolateral-ventrolateral oblique (D30L-VLO)
view of the maxillary cheek teeth ............................................................................ 248
4.10. Ventromedial-dorsolateral oblique (V45M-DLO)
view of the mandibular cheek teeth ......................................................................... 250
4.11. Open-mouthed dorsolateral-ventrolateral oblique (D30L-VLO)
view of the maxillary cheek teeth ............................................................................ 252
4.12. Open-mouthed ventromedial-dorsolateral oblique (V45M-DLO)
view of the mandibular cheek teeth ......................................................................... 254
5. Radiography of the spine ............................................................................................... 256
5.1. Laterolateral (LL) view of the cranial cervical vertebrae ........................................ 258
5.2. Laterolateral (LL) view of the mid-cervical vertebrae ............................................ 260
5.3. Laterolateral (LL) view of the caudal cervical vertebrae ........................................ 262
5.4. Laterolateral (LL) view of the cranial thoracic vertebrae ....................................... 264
5.5. Laterolateral (LL) view of the mid-thoracic vertebrae ............................................ 266
5.6. Laterolateral (LL) view of the caudal thoracic vertebrae ........................................ 268
5.7. Laterolateral (LL) view of the lumbar vertebrae ..................................................... 270
5.8. Ventrolateral-dorsolateral oblique (V50L-DLO)
view of the cranial cervical vertebrae ..................................................................... 272
5.9. Ventrolateral-dorsolateral oblique (V50L-DLO)
view of the mid-cervical vertebrae .......................................................................... 274
5.10. Ventrolateral-dorsolateral oblique (V50L-DLO)
view of the caudal cervical vertebrae ...................................................................... 276
5.11. Dorsoventral (DV) view of the cranial cervical vertebrae ...................................... 278
5.12. Dorsoventral (DV) view of the mid-cervical vertebrae ........................................... 280
5.13. Dorsoventral (DV) view of the caudal cervical vertebrae ....................................... 282
References ........................................................................................................................... 284
